{"id":1276,"date":"2023-09-08T13:54:21","date_gmt":"2023-09-08T13:54:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2023-09-08T13:54:48","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T13:54:48","slug":"anticonvulsants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/womens-health-medications\/anticonvulsants\/","title":{"rendered":"Reference Guide to Anticonvulsants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Highlights<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Anticonvulsants (also known as antiseizure medications or antiepileptic medications) treat and prevent seizures.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>These medications are also used off-label to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder, neuropathy (nerve pain), and borderline personality disorder (though experts don\u2019t agree that the benefits outweigh the risks for this condition).<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Anticonvulsants work in a variety of ways to prevent seizures.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Commonly prescribed anticonvulsants phenobarbital, valproic acid, and gabapentin, among others.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Potentially serious side effects include suicidality, though this is rare.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anticonvulsants can help to control seizures and improve the quality of life for people with seizure disorders. When a seizure occurs, patients may suffer from confusion, uncontrollable body movements, memory loss, or a loss of awareness or consciousness. Seizures can also have long-lasting effects, including permanent brain injury.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To help with epilepsy and possibly improve other conditions, your doctor may prescribe an anticonvulsant. This type of drug has been shown to be effective in preventing seizures, thanks to its nerve-calming properties. These same properties also make some drugs in this class options for treating:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nerve-related pain (such as diabetic neuropathy or fibromyalgia)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anxiety and mood symptoms\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Headaches and migraines<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restless leg syndrome<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bipolar disorder<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep reading to learn more about these multifunctional drugs and how they are used.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>How Do Anticonvulsants Work?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More commonly known as antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or antiseizure medications, anticonvulsants regulate neuron activity in the brain. Neurons are cells that send and receive chemical and electrical signals to each other in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seizures occur when the brain rapidly and uncontrollably fires neurons, overloading certain parts of the brain. When this happens, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jerky, involuntary body movements<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of awareness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Falling<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temporary confusion<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anticonvulsants control the flow of ions (charged particles) in and out of neurons to regulate the neuron\u2019s firing patterns. They either aim to reduce neuron excitation or affect certain processes that are necessary for electric signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different anticonvulsants have different mechanisms of action and are used for specific types of seizures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some anticonvulsants improve the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the brain\u2019s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA reduces neuron activity to help prevent excessive firing, which reduces the likelihood of seizures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other anticonvulsants may inhibit the release of glutamate (the brain\u2019s main excitatory neurotransmitter) or calcium (which plays a role in neuron signaling). Others may also block sodium channels, which are essential for transmitting neuron signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AEDs can be divided into three categories: <\/span><b>broad-spectrum AEDs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>narrow-spectrum AEDs,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Broad-Spectrum AEDs<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1279 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/2.jpeg-2.jpg\" alt=\"bottle of topiramate pills\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broad-spectrum AEDs treat all types of seizures. Common drugs in this class include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/medicine_details\/topiramate-100-mg-tablet\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Topiramate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Topamax)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/medicine_details\/zonisamide-100-mg-capsule\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zonisamide<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Zonegran)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/valproic-acid.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valproic acid<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Depakote)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rufinamide (Banzel)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings and Contraindications \u2014 Broad Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following warnings and contraindications apply to drugs in this category.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suicidal thoughts and behavior.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> All AEDs carry a warning about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, which is why the FDA requires all medications in this class to carry a suicide warning. The risk of suicidality is highest in the first few months of treatment with anticonvulsants. However, the risk can occur at any time during treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Liver damage.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some broad-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>valproic acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, can cause liver damage. This is more common in people with pre-existing liver problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stevens-Johnson syndrome.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> SJS is a rare but serious skin rash that can be life-threatening.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Birth defects.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some broad-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>valproic acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, can cause birth defects. It is important to talk to your doctor about the risks of taking a broad-spectrum AED if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Children and the elderly.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Children and older adults should use caution when taking AEDs because of the variances in metabolism and excretion rates. Some narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are considered to be safe for use in children. However, others, such as<\/span><b> valproic acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are not recommended for children. Older adults are more likely to experience side effects, often because of other health conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pancreatitis.<\/b> <b>Valproic acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can cause inflammation of the pancreas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contraindications<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pregnancy. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some broad-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>valproic acid<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, can cause birth defects. It is important to talk to your doctor about the risks of taking any AED if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Breastfeeding. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some broad-spectrum AEDs can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. It is important to talk to your doctor about the risks of taking a broad-spectrum AED if you are breastfeeding.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the list above, individual AEDs may carry specific contraindications and warnings. Talk to your doctor for personalized advice that takes into account your personal medical history.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side Effects \u2014 Broad Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side effects can vary by medication and are similar to those experienced with narrow-spectrum AEDs. For example, common side effects of clonazepam include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drowsiness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dizziness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depression<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impaired coordination<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Lightheadedness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trouble concentrating<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heart palpitations<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constipation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diarrhea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nausea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased appetite<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muscle pain and weakness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Headache<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sleep disturbances<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serious but less-common side effects may occur that are similar to those of narrow-spectrum AEDs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a general list of side effects for this entire class of medications;\u00a0 not all of these side effects are common with all broad-spectrum AEDs. The specific side effects you may experience will depend on the individual drug and your personal medical history.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drug Interactions \u2014 Broad-Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following medications and supplements are known to interact with broad-spectrum AEDs.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Other AEDs.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Broad-spectrum AEDs can interact with other AEDs, such as increasing or decreasing the levels of the other drug in the blood. This can lead to either decreased seizure control or increased side effects.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Antidepressants.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Broad-spectrum AEDs can increase the risk of serotonin syndrome when taken with certain antidepressants. Serotonin syndrome is a serious condition that can cause symptoms such as confusion, hallucinations, and seizures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Antipsychotics.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> When taken with antipsychotics, drugs in this class increase the risk of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that can cause involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and limbs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Opioids. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broad-spectrum AEDs can interact with opioids, such as increasing the risk of respiratory depression. Respiratory depression is a condition that can cause difficulty breathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Warfarin. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When taken with warfarin (Coumadin), drugs in this class can increase the risk of bleeding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Oral contraceptives.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Broad-spectrum AEDs can interact with oral contraceptives and decrease the effectiveness of the contraceptive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Herbal supplements. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medications in this class can interact with herbal supplements, such as St. John&#8217;s wort, which can increase the risk of seizures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is not an exhaustive list. Many other medications and supplements can interact with broad-spectrum AEDs. It is always important to talk to your doctor or pharmacist about any potential interactions before taking any new medication or supplement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s also important that you keep your providers updated on all the medications and supplements you take and notify them of any new or unusual symptoms you experience after beginning any new medication.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Narrow-Spectrum AEDs<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/3.jpeg-min.jpg\" alt=\"bottle of oxcarbazepine pills\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Narrow-spectrum AEDs are used for specific types of seizures, such as partial or focal seizures. Some are also prescribed to treat neuropathic pain. Medications in this class include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/medicine_details\/gabapentin-100-mg-capsule\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gabapentin<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Neurontin)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phenobarbital<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pregabalin (Lyrica)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phenytoin (Dilantin)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lacosamide (Vimpat)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/medicine_details\/oxcarbazepine-150-mg-tablet\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oxcarbazepine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Trileptal)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/medicine_details\/carbamazepine-200-mg-tablet\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbamazepine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Tegretol)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vigabatrin (Sabril)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings and Contraindications \u2014 Narrow-Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following precautions apply to medications in this class:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suicidal thoughts and behavior. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All AEDs may increase suicidal thoughts. The risk of suicidality is highest in the first few months of treatment with anticonvulsants. However, the risk can occur at any time during treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Children and the elderly.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Children and older adults should use caution when taking AEDs because of the variances in metabolism and excretion rates. Some narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as l<\/span><b>amotrigine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are considered to be safe for use in children (though it is not without risk). Others, such as<\/span><b> felbamate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are not recommended for children. Older adults are more likely to experience side effects, often because of other health conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pregnancy. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pregnancy precautions for narrow-spectrum AEDs vary depending on the specific medication. Some narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>lamotrigine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are considered to be relatively safe during pregnancy, while others, such as <\/span><b>felbamate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are considered to be more risky.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contraindications<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contraindications vary by medication. Some common contraindications include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liver disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kidney disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heart disease<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pregnancy<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breastfeeding<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Certain other medications<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allergies to the medication<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before taking any new medication, talk to your doctor for personalized advice that takes into account your personal medical history.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side Effects \u2014 Narrow Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common side effects of narrow-spectrum AEDs include but are not limited to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gastrointestinal upset<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blurry vision<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dizziness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nausea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drowsiness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Headaches<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatigue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weight gain or weight loss<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brain fog<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mood swings<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482269\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serious but less-common side effects<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allergic reactions to the medication<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osteoporosis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Psychosis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lupus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pancytopenia<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multi-organ hypersensitivity<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hepatic failure<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aplastic anemia<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is a general list of side effects for this entire class of medications; the side effect profile can vary significantly from one drug in this class to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drug Interactions \u2014 Narrow-Spectrum AEDs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The potential interactions with this category of medications is the same as those listed above for broad-spectrum AEDs. Make sure your providers know all of the medications and supplements you take, and report any new or unusual symptoms after beginning this medication.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Ultra-Narrow-Spectrum AEDs<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs are a small class of medications that are only effective for treating a very specific type of seizure, such as absence seizures. These medications are most often referred to as \u201csingle-type\u201d or \u201cmonotherapy\u201d anticonvulsants. They are often used as add-on therapy to other AEDs that have not been effective in controlling seizures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AEDs in this class include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rufinamide (Banzel).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This medication is used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults and children 4 years of age and older.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lacosamide (Vimpat). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This drug is used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults and children 17 years of age and older.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Perampanel (Fycompa). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perampanel is used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults and children 2 years of age and older.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Brivaracetam (Keppra XR). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This medication is used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults and children 4 years of age and older.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Eslicarbazepine acetate (Axura).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This drug is used to treat partial-onset seizures in adults and children 12 years of age and older.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings and Contraindications \u2014 Ultra-Narrow-Spectrum AEDs\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The warnings and contraindications of ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs can vary depending on the specific medication. However, some of the most common warnings and contraindications include:<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warnings<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suicidal thoughts and behavior. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All AEDs carry a warning about the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. The risk of suicidality is highest in the first few months of treatment with anticonvulsants. However, the risk can occur at any time during treatment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Liver damage.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as rufinamide, can cause liver damage. This is more common in people with pre-existing liver problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Stevens-Johnson syndrome. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SJS is a rare but serious skin rash that can be life-threatening.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Children and the elderly. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>ethosuximide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are not recommended for children because they can cause serious side effects, and some are more likely to cause side effects in the elderly. However, other ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs, such as <\/span><b>felbamate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, are considered to be safe for use in children and older adults.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contraindications<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pregnancy. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Research is limited on the safety of these drugs in pregnancy. However, some experts recommend avoiding these drugs during pregnancy, if possible, due to the potential risks to the fetus. If you are taking an ultra-narrow-spectrum AED and are planning to become pregnant, it is important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of continuing the drug during pregnancy. Your doctor can help you decide if the benefits of taking the drug outweigh the risks to the fetus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Breastfeeding.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. It is important to talk to your doctor about the risks of taking an ultra-narrow-spectrum AED if you are breastfeeding.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As with any medication, some people may be able to take an ultra-narrow-spectrum AED without any problems, while others may need to take special precautions. It is important to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of taking an ultra-narrow-spectrum AED before starting treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Side Effects \u2014 Ultra-Narrow-Spectrum AEDs\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The side effects of ultra-narrow-spectrum AEDs can vary depending on the specific medication. However, some of the most common side effects include:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dizziness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drowsiness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Headache<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nausea<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vomiting<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatigue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Double vision<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blurred vision<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Difficulty concentrating<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Memory problems<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once again, this is a general list of side effects for this entire class of medications; the side effect profile can vary significantly from one drug in this class to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drug Interactions \u2014 Ultra-Narrow-Spectrum AEDs\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following are potential drug interactions for the medications in this class:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Rufinamide<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the levels of other AEDs in the blood, such as<\/span><b> carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>phenytoin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>valproic acid<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the level of <\/span><b>theophylline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the blood. This can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and seizures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Lacosamide<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the levels of other AEDs in the blood, such as <\/span><b>carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>phenytoin<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase levels of <\/span><b>theophylline <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the blood, which can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and seizures<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Perampanel<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the levels of other AEDs in the blood, such as<\/span><b> carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>phenytoin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>valproic acid<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can decrease the levels of <\/span><b>theophylline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>warfarin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a medication used to prevent blood clots<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Brivaracetam<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the levels of other AEDs in the blood, such as <\/span><b>carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>phenytoin<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can decrease the levels of <\/span><b>oral contraceptives<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Eslicarbazepine acetate<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can increase the levels of other AEDs in the blood, such as <\/span><b>carbamazepine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>phenytoin<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can decrease the levels of <\/span><b>oral contraceptives<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019re taking any of these drugs, talk to your doctor about all of the medications you are taking, including over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements, so that they can properly monitor you for potential drug interactions. Notify your provider of any new or unusual symptoms you experience after beginning any new medication.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Find the Lowest Price for Anticonvulsants<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BidRX carries multiple types of anticonvulsants at the lowest prices to help you stay on track with your treatment. Find your antiepileptic or anti-seizure medication on our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/home\/Contents\/medication\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medication page<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and create your bid today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anticonvulsants prevent seizures and can provide relief from neuropathic pain. Discover more about how anticonvulsants work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-womens-health-medications"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1276"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1281,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions\/1281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bidrx.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}